Colonial Capitalism and Rural Class Formation (ص 109)

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Colonial Capitalism and Rural Class Formation (ص 109)

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ES
manifested in changes in the relations of production. This phenomenen
also symbolized the beginning of a wide process of socio-economic
differentiation within the village/Hamula. The village land which was
once distributed among ali the families in the village began to be
concentrated in fewer hands. And the village structure which was
family oriented began to gradually lose its character, giving birth to
a new structure, whose main features were the intensification of
relations of exploitation among family members of the same Hamula as
well as in the increasing dependence of many families on the head of
the Hamula.
In addition to their economic dependence on the landlord, peasants
in the share-cropping system were also personally dependent on the
landlords. This was particularly evident in villages under the control
of the heads of Hamulas. Unlike the Sursuks or the Sultan who were
absentee landlords, heads of Hamulas , until at least the early 20th
century, resided on the land. The share-cropper, known in the Marxist
literature as metayer, became economically, socially and personally
dependent on the landowner.
Commenting on this phenomenon, Smilianskaya observed:
There is clear indication that the metayer was
personally dependent on the Feudal lord: the former
did not have the right to marry without the
landlord's permission; upon his marriage the
metayer paid a fee.., and according to. some
sources, the metayer could not leave his feudal
lord at will, whereas the latter could forcibly
transfer a metayer to another estate.
(Smilianskaya, 1966: 236)
The contention that share-cropping forms of production are
necessarily backward or present obstacles to capitalist development in
agriculture is simplistic. The previous discussion shows that this
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Colonial Capitalism and Rural Class Formation

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