Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production (ص 145)

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Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production (ص 145)

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words, to maximise the extraction of surplus-value. Normally
the economic control of the labour process under peasant
forms of production has not involved the real subsumption of
the labour process under landlord control. That is, the
landlord is not usually able to control and direct the labour
process in all its aspects in peasant farming systems.
However, there are different ways in which landlords manage
formally to control this process to maximise their profits
and to extract economic surplus from peasant producers, but
this ability remains variable and subject to restrictions.
I. SHARECROPPING MODE OF PRODUCTION
The first thing we should say about sharecropping is that it
is not a modern form of agrarian institution, but one which
is found in diverse geographical and historical settings and
in social formations which are dominated by various modes of
production. As an institution it was found in ancient Greece,
in Italy during the Roman Empire and in Feudal Europe. It
exists in contemporary Spain and was a widespread form of
agricultural production in the post—bellum southern states of
the USA. In addition to being found in Europe and the USA,
sharecropping contracts were found in ancient Peru and it is
still common throughout Latin America and prevalent in
Africa, India and Southeast Asia. (10) Moreover, as an
economic institution, sharecropping was of interest to such
classical economists as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.
Sharecropping was a relatively common agrarian institution
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Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production

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Alex Pollock

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