Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production (ص 163)

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Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production (ص 163)

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commoditisation within the social formation. This point is
compatible with the aforementioned existence of sharecropping
In ancient Greece, Imperial Rome, ancient Peru, and Europe
during the transition to feudalism and with modern capitalist
economies, for all of these societies have been market
societies with the process of commoditisation developed to
varying degrees. (19)
The process through which exploitation or the appropriation
of the economic surplus occurs is variable with the degree of
commoditisation. The appropriation of the economic surplus is
extracted at the end of the circuit of production when’ the
landlord acts to receive her/his legally sanctioned share of
the total product. (20) The actual quantity of produce which
the landlord can appropriate depends, apart from technical
and market pricing factors, on the sharecropper's ability and
predisposition to produce, i.e. the psychological desire for
self improvement and betterment of her/his own economic
condition which in turn supplements the landlord's income.
This is subject to market constraints which means that higher
Productivity does not necessarily mean higher income, since
this is subject to supply and demand factors at sale.
We might of course expect a tendency on the part of the
sharecropper to procure as much as possible for her/himself
by concealing quantities of produce from the landlord. This
was found to be the case, by Keegan in his study of
sharecropping in the South African Highveld. (21) In the
Jordan Valley the absentee landlords appear to be aware of
149 Uf,

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Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production

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Alex Pollock

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