Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production (ص 462)
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- Realist Methodology and the Articulation of Modes of Production (ص 462)
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orientation, and the basic needs component is merely an
ideological foil against the most rapacious elements entailed
in capitalist development.(29) Colin Leys has argued that the
World Bank's commitment to basic needs, as reflected in the
statements of the Bank's president, Robert McNamara, are
nothing more than a thinly disguised attempt to create a
legitimation of the mechanism of cooptation. (30)
The ILO, particularly through its World Employment Programme
(WEP), represents a more progressive and radical approach to
the basic needs strategy.(31) It is committed to bettering
the conditions of the poor through the establishment of
employment programmes. The ILO has shown itself willing to
support both capitalist and socialist versions of basic
needs. However, the ILO seems to have invested a great deal
of time and effort in developing empirical indicators of
basic needs without outlining clearly what such a programme
would consist of. There isa fairly vacuous empiricism
underlying the ILO's work in this area. (32)
The main problem with the basic needs approach is that it is
very difficult to find any concrete examples of its
application in non-socialist countries. It remains, largely,
a moral bound critique of the worst conditions of poverty and
deprivation. So far it has had little programmatic value.
This is not to say that a moral critique cannot be developed
into a concrete programme. An institution like the Dag
Hammarskjold Foundation, for example, is working directly to
this aim. (33)
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- المنشئ
- Alex Pollock
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